Sometimes USB memory sticks just become unreadable, probably because we have remove it from the port before unmount it or because we had to force to stop a process that was operating with it. In any case, we would like to fix our USB to avoid loosing a valuable storage device.
Some OS, like Windows or MacOS X, seem to not react when USB is plugged. This is why I use GNU/Linux to fix this issue.
Instructions
Detailed steps to solve issue below.
1. Identify path of mounted unit
Before plugging the USB flash drive, check the devices in your system by using this command in terminal:
lsblk
First level of hierarchy represents devices, and second level represents the partitions inside that device.
Plug the USB, and run command again:
lsblk
There will be a new device on list. In my case, device was “sdb” and partition “sdb1”. In this post, I write “sdX” and “sdX0” whenever I make reference to device and partition, respectively.
An alternative to lsblk command would be:
sudo fdisk -l
2. Delete USB
Use another command to delete all content on device.
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdX
Remember substitute the path by the one that corresponds to you.
It takes time, be patient. For me, it took more than an hour for a 16 GB USB from a laptop from 2010.
When it finished, if I run a lsblk, I only see device “sdX” without any other partition. In some other tutorials I have read, it considers there are partitions below “sdX” (like sdX1). This is not my case, so I had to add the following step.
3. Create partition table
There are two main of partition table types, and both are covered in this post:
- msdos: Master Boot Record (MBR)
- gpt: GUID Partition Table (GPT)
If you are looking for any other partition table type, you have to look further on other sources. They are not covered on this post.
Perform only one of the following options, depending on whether you want MBR or GPT.
3.1. Create an MBR partition table
Format USB by typing the command below.
sudo fdisk /dev/sdX
Remember to substitute the path with the one that applies to your device.
If partition table is not created, it will create a DOS disk label (msdos) without prompting.
In the command line from fdisk, confirm that you want to write changes by typing:
w
Changes will be confirmed.
3.2. Create a gpt partition table
To create a GUID Partition Table (gpt) partition table, I use “parted” command instead of “fdisk”.
Type this command:
sudo parted /dev/sdX
Then:
mklabel GPT
You may need to confirm warnings:
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdX will be destroyed and all data on
this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No?
Type ‘Y’ and press enter to confirm.
4. Create partition
In this step, we are creating the first partition for the gparted.
Type:
sudo fdisk /dev/sdX
Remember to substitute the path with the one that applies to you.
Now start creating a new partition by entering command:
n
Now you need to choose any of the following options, depending whether you had selected msdos or gdp partition table.
4.1. Create partition on MBR partition table
Choose a partition number. You only need to create 1 partition, so enter 1, then press Enter.
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
When prompted to choose between creating a primary or extended partition, choose p for primary. This step only applies for MBR partition tables.
Choose a partition number. You only need to create 1 partition, so enter 1, then press Enter.
First sector (34-30310366, default 2048):
Choose the start and end sector numbers. To use the whole drive, press the Enter key twice to keep the default options.
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-30310366, default 30310366):
To apply changes to USB flash drive, enter w, then press return.
4.2. Create partition on gpt partition table
Choose a partition number. You only need to create 1 partition, so enter 1, then press Enter.
First sector (34-30310366, default 2048):
Choose the start and end sector numbers. To use the whole drive, press the Enter key twice to keep the default options.
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-30310366, default 30310366):
Then new partition is created.
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 00 GiB
Sometimes after partition table is GPD, system asks whether you want to remove signature. As this is a new partition and you are not resizing an existing one, you can accept to remove the signature.
Partition #0 contains a vfat signature.
Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o:
To apply changes to USB flash drive, enter w, then press return.
5. Format partition
Format USB by typing the corresponding command in terminal. The command may vary depending on the USB format you want to appy (FAT32, NTFS, ext4, etc.)
Check the list of different file systems if you want to check it.
Remember to substitute the path with the one that applies to you.
FAT
sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdX0
FAT32
sudo mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sdX0
NTFS
sudo mkfs.ntfs -f /dev/sdX0
Ext4
sudo mkfs.ext4 -f /dev/sdX0
6. Modify USB label
mlabel is a command utility included in MTools package.
Use this command:
sudo mlabel -i /dev/sdX0 ::<labelname>
Remember to substitute the partition path with the one that applies to you, and <labelname> by the label name you want to apply. Also remember to keep the two colons.
You might be also interested in…
External references
- “Repair corrupted USB drive Linux” on maketecheasier.com
- “Fix a broken USB using Linux” by Gary Newell on Lifewire
- “How to Make GPT Partition Table and Create Partitions with parted on Linux” by Eric Ma