Firmware is low-level software that is embedded directly into hardware devices, typically stored in non-volatile memory such as ROM or flash memory.
Firmware provides the basic functionality and control logic for the hardware device, enabling it to perform its intended functions.
Firmware can include initialization code, control algorithms, configuration settings, and device-specific functionality.
Like drivers, firmware can also be proprietary and closed source. However, firmware is often distributed in a binary format by hardware manufacturers, but it’s not always referred to as a “blob” in the same way drivers are.
Firmware within Operating Systems
Though firmware is usually stored in the ROM or flash memory, it is sometimes included in an OS kernel (such as Linux kernel) because of the following reasons:
- Bootstrapping: Some hardware devices require firmware to be loaded during the boot process in order to initialize the device and make it usable by the operating system. Inclusion of firmware within the operating system allows the system to load the necessary firmware during boot-up, ensuring that the hardware devices are properly initialized and operational.
- Driver Integration: In some cases, the firmware for a hardware device is tightly integrated with the device driver. Including the firmware with the driver allows for a more seamless integration of the hardware device with the operating system. The driver can automatically load the firmware when the device is detected, simplifying the setup process for users.
- Ease of Distribution: Distributing firmware alongside the operating system ensures that users have access to the necessary firmware for their hardware devices without needing to search for and download it separately. This can simplify the installation and setup process for users, particularly those who may not be familiar with obtaining and installing firmware manually.
- Legal and Licensing Considerations: Some hardware manufacturers distribute firmware with specific usage restrictions or licensing terms. Including the firmware with the operating system allows the distribution to comply with these legal requirements or licensing agreements. This can help avoid potential legal issues or conflicts related to the distribution of proprietary firmware.